DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES FOR CANCER

When symptoms suggest cancer, your physician may request a detailed medical history and a thorough physical examination. Other diagnostic procedures that may be requested include imaging tests, such as x-rays, computed tomography, nuclear medicine imaging, ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging, or endoscopy.  

Computed Tomography (CT or CAT scan)
A non-invasive procedure that takes cross-sectional images of the brain or other internal organs to detect any abnormalities that may not show up on an ordinary x-ray. The CT scan may indicate enlarged lymph nodes -- a possible sign of a spreading cancer or of an infection.

Positron Emission Tomography (P.E.T.)
Positron Emission Tomography (PET) is a non-invasive, diagnostic imaging technique for measuring the metabolic activity of cells in the human body. It is clinically useful to provide information to physicians in regards to detection of cancer cells within the body.

Nuclear Medicine Imaging
An imaging modality in which a small amount of a radioactive substance is injected into a person's vein. A Nuclear Medicine Gamma Camera allows for the imaging of the radioactive substance.  Nuclear Medicine can be used to aid in diagnosis for many cancers as well as assist in providing valuable information for treatment.

Ultrasound 
An imaging technique that uses sound waves to produce an image on a monitor of the abdominal organs, such as the uterus, liver and kidneys.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
A non-invasive procedure that produces two-dimensional view of an internal organ or structure, especially the brain and spinal cord. The MRI may show abnormal nodules in bones or lymph nodes -- a sign that cancer may be spreading.

Endoscopy
The use of a very flexible tube with a lens or camera (and a light on the end), which is connected to a computer screen, allowing the physician to see inside the hollow organs, such as the uterus. Biopsy samples can be taken through the tube.

• Laboratory tests to examine blood, urine, other fluids and/or tumor tissue.
• Biopsy to remove a sample of the suspicious tissue for examination in a laboratory by a pathologist.

Once the cancer is diagnosed, an evaluation will be made to determine the extent (stage) of the cancer.